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Executive Functions

Unpacked and explained

Executive functions are a set of cognitive skills that allow us to reach our goals. In simpler terms, they are like our brain’s ‘air traffic control system’.

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Let’s take a closer look at what each of these mean and the signs to look out for that might indicate a student or adult is facing challenges in a specific area.

01.

Planning and Prioritisation

The ability to set goals, outline steps and determine the order of tasks

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Difficulty breaking tasks into manageable steps

  • Struggling to create and follow a plan

  • Difficulty setting priorities when there is a lot to do​​

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03.

Task Initiation

 The ability to start tasks independently and promptly

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Procrastination or excessive delay in starting assignments

  • Difficulty beginning tasks without prompts or reminders

  • Frequently getting stuck or feeling overwhelmed before starting

05.

Time Management

The ability to estimate how much time is needed for tasks and manage it effectively

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Poor awareness of how long tasks take

  • Frequently running late or missing deadlines

  • Difficulty balancing multiple commitments or responsibilities

  • 'Time blindness' (common with ADHDers)

07.

Working Memory​

The ability to hold and manipulate information in your mind over short periods

 

Difficulties may look like:

  • Forgetting instructions or details shortly after hearing them

  • Difficulty following multi-step directions or solving maths problems

  • Struggling to remember what was just read or discussed​​

02.

Organisation

The ability to keep materials and information structured and accessible

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Disorganised notebooks, folders, or workspace

  • Losing track of important items (e.g. assignments, keys, wallet)

  • Difficulty keeping track of assignments or schedules

04.

Flexibility

The ability to adapt to new situations and switch between tasks or thoughts

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Difficulty adjusting plans when circumstances change

  • Struggling with transitions between activities

  • Becoming easily frustrated with unexpected changes

06.

Self-Monitoring

The ability to assess one's performance and adjust behaviours accordingly

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Lack of awareness of mistakes or errors in work

  • Difficulty recognising when to seek help

  • Inconsistent performance despite having the necessary skills

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08.

Self-Regulation

The ability to manage emotions, thoughts and behaviours in various situations

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Difficulty managing frustration or anxiety in challenging situations

  • Struggling to stay focused or calm during tasks

  • Overreacting to minor setbacks or challenges

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09.

Impulse Control/Inhibition

The ability to resist immediate temptations and control impulses

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Difficulties may look like:

  • Acting without thinking about the consequences

  • Interrupting others during conversations or activities

  • Difficulty waiting for turns or delaying gratification

  • Often choosing preferred activities (e.g. YouTube) over tasks with greater importance (e.g. assignments)

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